Política (Español)

Cataluña: cómo es instrumentalizado el derecho internacional público

23.11.2017

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23.11.2017

Cataluña: cómo es instrumentalizado el derecho internacional público

La disputa entre el gobierno central de España y la Generalitat de Catalunya amenaza con escalar. El derecho a la libre determinación de los pueblos está consagrado en el derecho internacional público. Dispone que todos los pueblos, incluidas las minorías étnicas, puedan decidir sobre su propio estatuto político. Sin embargo, en el derecho internacional público no existe ninguna norma que afirme o prohíba expresamente el derecho a la segregación. ¿Quién más, en el sentido de "divide y vencerás", podría estar interesado en separar a las minorías étnicas de sus estados nacionales? Kla. tv muestra en esta emisión cómo el derecho internacional puede ser aprovechado para sus propios fines. [seguir leyendo]

Cataluña: cómo es instrumentalizado el derecho internacional público

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23.11.2017 | www.kla.tv/11492

La disputa entre el gobierno central español, bajo la presidencia del presidente del Gobierno, Mariano Rajoy, y el gobierno regional catalán, bajo la presidencia del primer ministro Carles Puigdemont, amenaza con escalar. Klagemauer.TV informó sobre ella en la emisión Cataluña:"¿Pelota de juego de los poderosos en el trasfondo?" El 10 de octubre de 2017, el presidente de la Generalitat de Catalunya, Puigdemont, firmó una declaración de independencia, pero la suspendió inmediatamente. En sus propias palabras, quería iniciar un "diálogo" con el gobierno central. Un portavoz del gobierno catalán declaró más tarde que el paso era un "acto simbólico". La Constitución española no prevé la separación de una región. En opinión del Gobierno central, una declaración de independencia constituiría, por lo tanto, una clara violación de la ley. La explicación "simbólica" de Puigdemont, por otra parte, se encuentra en una zona de color gris legal. El Primer Ministro Rajoy quería que Puigdemont hiciera antes del 16 de octubre una aclaración sobre si ha declarado o no la independencia unilateral. Puigdemont debería respetar el orden constitucional español hasta más tardar el 19 de octubre, es decir, poner fin efectivamente al actual procedimiento de independencia. Esta advertencia se considera como una etapa preliminar en la aplicación del artículo 155 de la Constitución Española. Según esto, Madrid puede privar a un gobierno regional de poder, si viola la Constitución. Según diversos informes, los militares españoles se preparan para una posible intervención en Cataluña. Uno de los factores desencadenantes de la crisis es el "derecho de los pueblos a la libre determinación", consagrado en el derecho internacional público. Esto permite que todos los pueblos decidan sobre su "status político". Sin embargo, el derecho internacional público también protege la "integridad territorial" de las fronteras de todos los Estados. Por lo tanto, no existe ninguna norma de derecho internacional que afirme o prohíba expresamente la secesión, es decir, el derecho a la segregación. Por lo tanto, es controvertido entre los abogados internacionales si el derecho de los pueblos a la libre determinación también incluye el derecho de las minorías a abandonar una asociación estatal. La opinión prevaleciente en la jurisprudencia rechaza el "derecho de división" de las minorías étnicas con referencia al "interés de la integridad" de los estados existentes. Según Oliver Diggelmann, jurista suizo y profesor de derecho internacional público y constitucional en la Universidad de Zúrich, el derecho de autodeterminación sólo otorga ciertos derechos de autonomía en la asociación estatal existente, pero no un derecho real de división. Según el derecho internacional, una separación sólo sería admisible si el pueblo catalán se viera amenazado en términos reales. La separación sólo es admisible en situaciones de emergencia extrema y sólo en el caso de violaciones graves y sistemáticas de los derechos humanos durante un período de tiempo determinado. Incluso Kosovo es más bien un caso límite, según Diggelmann. El 17 de febrero de 2008, el Parlamento de Kosovo proclamó la independencia de Kosovo de Serbia. Hasta el día de hoy, Serbia y muchos otros Estados no reconocen la soberanía de Kosovo. En este contexto, una breve referencia a la separación de la península de Crimea en 2014, Klagemauer.TV señaló que los habitantes de Crimea estaban gravemente amenazados. Según el historiador y estudioso de la paz suizo Dr. Daniele Ganser, la escisión de Crimea fue una reacción contraria al sangriento golpe de Estado contra el gobierno legítimamente elegido de Kiev, lo que era contrario al derecho internacional público. De vuelta a Cataluña: Cataluña ya tiene un grado de autonomía extraordinario y no se puede hablar de violación de los derechos humanos por parte del gobierno central español. Sin embargo, cuando se trata de la separación de las minorías étnicas, es importante tener en cuenta quién podría estar interesado en ella, aparte de la población afectada: El portal en línea del semanario "Die Zeit" publicó el 10 de octubre un llamamiento en llamas para destruir los estados europeos. El autor es la politóloga Ulrike Guérot, experta en varios think tanks. Según Guérot, deberían construirse en Europa, hasta 60 regiones con su propia "identidad", que puede definirse como "étnica", sustituirían a los "estados nacionales". Guérot cita como ejemplos áreas con tendencias fuertemente separatistas como Flandes, el Tirol del Sur o incluso Cataluña. La principal preocupación de Guérot es salvar a la UE, que se ha visto sacudida por los conflictos nacionales. La intención es crear una Europa centralizada -los llamados "Estados Unidos de Europa" - que nunca sería posible con los Estados nacionales que existen hoy en día. Esto significa que, como en Cataluña, la tendencia a la secesión está siendo explotada para destruir los Estados nacionales europeos. El hecho de que los estados homogéneos, es decir, los estados étnicamente unificados, no pueden ser el objetivo ni siquiera para los eruditos legales, dijo Oliver Diggelmann. Cita:"Porque si hay una separación en la nueva área, a menudo hay nuevas minorías de nuevo, y eso puede continuar. Por lo tanto, es más importante encontrar buenos modos de convivencia dentro de los estados existentes". Es de esperar que los españoles no se instrumentalicen y se inciten unos a otros, no por ninguna de las dos partes, como quedó de manifiesto los días 7 y 8 de octubre: cientos de miles salieron a las calles por la unidad de España, contra una escisión de Cataluña. Además, los manifestantes apelaron a los políticos implicados para que entablaran un diálogo:"Hablar o dimitir", apelaron al pueblo ante el presidente del Gobierno, Rajoy, y ante el jefe de la Generalitat de Catalunya, Puigdemont. Este ejemplo muestra que sólo el pueblo es capaz de resistirse a la política de los partidos gobernantes!

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